https://www.journal.ahmareduc.or.id/index.php/medica <p><strong>MEDICA (International Medical Scientific Journal)</strong><strong>, </strong>with registered numbers ISSN<strong> <a href="https://issn.perpusnas.go.id/terbit/detail/1534738901" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2622-6596 (Print)</a></strong>, <strong><a href="https://issn.perpusnas.go.id/terbit/detail/1534736954" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2622-660X (Online)</a></strong> is an <strong>open access</strong> and peer-reviewed journal presenting timely research on all aspects of health that other media have not published. Managed by the <strong>Borneo Scientific Publishing </strong>in cooperation with <a href="https://cendrawasih.ac.id/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Politeknik Cendrawasih Palu, </strong></a>with the<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v7aKO-F3DEkTDtpTa8-d2ptxAWnfVMJW/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MoU</strong></a>, published by <strong>Borneo Scientific Publishing. MEDICA (International Medical Scientific Journal)</strong> is published <strong>monthly</strong> (twelve issues per year), namely in January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December. Manuscripts are published as original articles, review articles, and case reports. The Journal invites public health professionals concerned with any of these areas to submit research on topics including, but not limited to, health promotion &amp; disease prevention in all stages of human life, medical laboratory, nursing, environmental health, epidemiology, biostatistics, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutics, health policy and administration, public health, nutrition, occupational health and safety, health promotion, reproductive health, maternal and child health, midwifery, dental health, and other related articles in public health.</p> Borneo Scientific Publishing en-US MEDICA (International Medical Scientific Journal) 2622-6596 https://www.journal.ahmareduc.or.id/index.php/medica/article/view/1073 <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, partly mediated through disruption of the gut–kidney axis. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the accumulation of uremic toxins, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby accelerating CKD progression. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the role of probiotics and synbiotics in modulating the gut–kidney axis in CKD. Literature was identified through searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to April 2025, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and mechanistic studies. Current evidence indicates that probiotics and synbiotics may improve gut microbial balance, enhance short-chain fatty acid production, and reduce circulating uremic toxins and inflammatory markers. Additional approaches, including dietary interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and pharmacological modulation of the microbiome, have also shown potential benefits. However, despite favorable effects on surrogate biomarkers, evidence demonstrating significant improvements in kidney function and long-term clinical outcomes remains limited. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials with standardized formulations and clinically relevant endpoints are required to establish the therapeutic role of gut microbiota modulation as an adjunctive strategy in CKD management.</p> Agung Susanto Muhammad Ifham Hanif Mentari Maratus Sholihah Copyright (c) 2026 MEDICA (International Medical Scientific Journal) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2026-09-22 2026-09-22 8 9 867–885 867–885 10.53770/medica.v8i9.1073